Old Jimmie Barnes And Sukie and Old Jimmie Barnes' Tale together comprise a small and detail-rich biography for Brattleboro's first village gravedigger. Susanna Weymouth, his wife, was a basket weaver and fortuneteller that James purchased from her first husband for a mug of flip in John Holbrook's warehouse store. "The honey bees in England," he said, "are big as the sheep in this country, but the hives are about the same size as used here."

Seth Smith House 1776 describes the Cape Cod style colonial house on Western Avenue that was built about 1776 by Seth Smith, according to the Friday, July 1, 1898 Vermont Phoenix newspaper article. Seth Smith was a Minute Man during the Revolution, a crossroads grist mill owner, and later a Yorkist leader who was driven out by Ethan Allen. Chloe Smith, his niece, was Mrs. Rutherford Hayes, the grandmother of President Rutherford B. Hayes. Her diary describes the tavern and events in West Brattleboro. The best Revolutionary War history from Brattleboro!

Civil War Hospital presents extensive photographs and details Brattleboro life during the War of the Rebellion. Here are the barracks, the first winter's mutiny, the quinine in the soup, patient lists, searching for spruce gum, the womens' soldier relief, the military exhibition at the Town Hall, the accidents, the pest house, the backgammon board, the medicinal cherry rum brandy recipe, the postal service, the chapel, the library, the sword presentation to the surgeons, drawings, maps, soldiers' and officers' records and speeches, the Invalid Corps on the Common on the long wooden benches, and the great achievements on "Hospital Hill".

Lottery For Horatio Knight In 1827 The name of the Phoenix Lottery came from the notion that if you hit the jackpot, then your splendid new life would rise from the ashes of your old life---just like the fabled phoenix that arises anew every five hundred years from its own nested pyre, fretted with rue and cinnabar.

The Fort Dummer Site is a wonderful introduction to how the Fort Dummer area has looked and changed over the years---the artifacts, roads, farms, the detailed maps constructed from the land records.

Daniel Stedman's Civil War Letters These four letters are a rich source for Civil War soldiers' slang, humor, cooking habits, and manners with the 16th Vermont Infantry, and contain graphic descriptions of the ruined Virginia houses countryside. This soldier was the son of abolitionist Dr. Josiah Hotchkiss Stedman. He was wounded in the thigh at Gettysburg, and returned to Brattleboro to become the editor of the Vermont Phoenix.

Capt. John "Ringbolt" Codman Praises Brattleboro The well-travelled correspondent returns to Brattleboro in early 1864 and reflects lyrically upon his memories of the old ways and present realities.

Leonid Meteor Shower also has references to reliable information---not weaponized, or "politically correct" propaganda---relating to Brattleboro's terraced structures, earthquakes, auroras, the West River Valley's brachiated formations, and geological catastrophe, available at http://www.thunderbolts.info/wp

The Rutherford Hayes Tavern stood on the old road to Marlboro, with Chloe Smith Hayes as the pious and efficient proprietress. This is the best-known and well-described Colonial house in Brattleboro history---not only because the grandson was President Rutherford B. Hayes.

Mammoth Tusk describes the discovery of this fossil on what is now called Solar Hill or Harris Hill in September 1865. A reference in the land records to "Blake's pasture", and the presence of white quartz intrusions in the blue limestone on the north of Western Avenue, disproved the notion that this tusk was found in Wilson's Woods near the high school.

The Old Brooks Library is a long pictorial history and virtual tour of the elegant, beloved American library on Main Street that was torn down over forty years ago.

The paintings, antiques, old newspapers, portraits, the old card catalogues, historical documents, letters, furniture, the formerly public, accurate, and protective accession lists, and the statuary represented here have now been greatly vandalized, stolen, scattered, concealed, censored, and outright destroyed by pillaging collectors, by continual "gifting" to the corrupt, predatory chop shop called the "Brattleboro Historical Society", and by covert removals by elite library staff.

The massive damage from this deliberate, subversive, ugly attack on Brattleboro's rich historic records in the library, in several local church archives, the museum, and the Town Clerk's office, these atrocities committed by Marxist administration, in violent attempts to purify history through politically correct liquidation, cannot now be repaired---

It is vitally important, for our self-respect, to remember when Brattleboro had a popular, beautiful, Christian, honest, and free library that was a genuine source of great pride; a library that always supported other, now also threatened, worthy New England and American traditions in Brattleboro.

The Levi Goodenough Farm is an architectural treasure on the Goodenough Road in West Brattleboro, built in 1783, and never wired for electricity. Rev. Hosea Ballou, 2d preached sermons in its large attic for the early Brattleboro Universalists. The writer H. P. Lovecraft visited Arthur H. Goodenough there during 1927-1928 and his house was the setting for the classic horror tale "The Whisperer in Darkness".

The Brattleboro Stamp describes Dr. Frederick N. Palmer---music teacher, dentist, bookseller, and Brattleboro postmaster, who invented the famous 1846 provisional stamp, and finally, a life-long homeopathic physician. The scores for five waltzes and one rollicking polka that Frederick N. Palmer composed in Brattleboro, and published in Boston in 1844 are presented here as originally published, and soon orchestrations for piano, organ, and five-piece band will be available, complete with scores and notes, from Lin Barrell of Illinois---

William A. Conant Violins concerns the violin maker, master craftsman who lived on Canal Street for so long at his labor, who was taught first by cabinetmaker Anthony Van Doorn, then by John Woodbury, and finally praised by the great Remini, concert violinist. Learn more about William Conant violins and cellos.

George Harper Houghton's Photograph looks at the wealth of detail and activity seen in this glassplate negative taken from an upper window in the Anthony Van Doorn building.

Brattleboro Epitaphs is a collection of over two hundred epitaphs, with their inscriptions, and photographs from the Prospect Hill Cemetery, Locust Ridge, Meetinghouse Hill Cemetery, Glen Street (Old Village), and the Mather Street cemeteries.

Our stonecutters are Ebenezer Soule, Sr. and his son Ivory Soule from Hinsdale, New Hampshire, Henry Ide and George H. Ide, John and Henry Locke, Ebenezer Janes, Stephen Risley, Jr., and Nathaniel Kittredge.

All the inscriptions here are recorded accurately for the first time---the spellings, the precise lining, the chiselling errors, and the superscripts, as, Feb^y, Esq^r, Dau^r, and y^e & the inevitable y^t---

Winifred Hadley was a well-liked young seamstress who died at age seventeen, of typhoid fever, while attending school in Boston. The Brattleboro monument depicts her sitting pensively over her piecework.

Stephen Risley's Tombstones concerns the stonecutter who came from East Hartford, Connecticut in 1806 with his wife Polly, to conduct an engraving shop on the Turnpike (Western Avenue) at the corner by the North and South Mill-Road (Meadowbrook Road).

The Lost Cemetery On High Street is the account of the 1891 discovery of the abandoned burying ground for the Church and Whipple families.

The Brattleboro Retreat Cemetery gives the story of Sarah Culy, who died in 1854 after composing an epitaph directed to her husband Hezekiah, based upon verses in the Book of Job, and chiselled into her rare soapstone gravestone. This is the old Asylum Cemetery before it was recently vandalized in the culture wars erasing history in Brattleboro.

William Fessenden's Brattleboro Bookstore And Circulating Library follows the large two-and-a-half story brick building from its erection in 1810 on Main Street just north of the former Stephen Greenleaf homestead site and the American House, through its years as the "Brick Row" with its prominent merchant tenants, to its last days as the "Salisbury Block" and its destruction in April 1924.

Gen. John Wolcott Phelps can make any historian ponder "the strange mutability of human affairs". An immensely likable, and equally influential man, John W. Phelps lived in a Greek Revival house, one door north from the High School, which he called "The Lindens". John Phelps sold "The Lindens" on July 13, 1882 to School District No. 2, and it then served as the Intermediate school for eighty or ninety students until it was removed, beginning in May 1884---lock, stock, and barrel---to where it stands today on the south side of Grove Street. Henry Burnham purchased the main parts of the old high school and set them down for a tenement, along the north side of Grove Street.

Rev. Jedediah Stark, the long-time serving pastor for the First Congregational Church in West Brattleboro, spoke with his congregation throughout the 1820's. His entirely forgotten history of the early settlement of Brattleboro begins in 1768 with the description of an Indian dance ring, poles, and fireplaces at a location near Cedar Street.

Wantastiquet History And Mine Mountain shows many new sides to that old rocky eminence across the Connecticut River. The furious mash-fed boar that escaped from the Thomas farm out the Putney road that gave the name to the mountain's cascading Hog Brook. The description of Wantastiquet in the summer of 1827 by Temperance Tidy, the seventh daughter of an early settler.

The John Thomas Farm lay along the Putney Road south from Black Mountain Road. Good English malt brewed here two hundred years ago.

The Rev. William Wells Farm is described in detail by a traveller passing by in 1796. The house was built by Colonel Samuel Wells in 1773. It later served as a summer lodging for the Brattleboro Retreat's women patients. The celebrated Cold Spring provided pure water for Rev. Wells' malt distillery.

Connecticut River Bridge 1804 gathers the scattered sources that describe the first bridge from Brattleboro across to Hinsdale, and its disastrous dedication ceremony, and its speechifying local magnates.

The Henry E. Brewster Diary describes Brattleboro during 1850-1851 from the viewpoint of an active and alert youngster. Henry Brewster was the adopted nephew of Caroline Brewster, Mrs. Nathan Birdseye Williston.

Service For Abraham Lincoln is the complete text for the highly-charged, lyrical service given at the Centre Congregational Church by Rev. George Palmer Tyler for the fallen President, along with articles that describe the cannon-fire, and how Brattleboro looked in mourning that April 1865.

Black History In Brattleboro is Anne Dempsey's "Special to the Reformer" series in six parts during February 1994. Here are the forgotten black residents---the first black landowner, fugitive slaves, barbers, the women, the soldiers. There is an array of enjoyable research here.

Fugitive Slaves On Flat Street concerns the only reliably documented station on the Underground Railroad in Brattleboro. The brothers Charles C. Frost and Willard Frost sheltered roughly forty fugitive slaves at his house and shoe shop on the south side of Flat Street, sending some northward to the residence of the Hon. Joseph Poland in Montpelier, Vermont.

John G. Sugland worked in Brattleboro as a woodcutter along the railroad tracks after serving with the Massachusetts 54th Infantry (Colored) in the Civil War, helping Gen. William T. Sherman's march through South Carolina. Private Sugland's letter written on May 20, 1864 from Charleston, South Carolina to Addison Whithead in Vernon, Vermont is here.

Jacob Cartledge escaped on the Underground Railroad from cruelty in Georgia, then enlisted for three years as a private in the 43rd Pennsylvania Regiment. Jake came to Brattleboro in 1879, chopped wood, and worked for the Barrows Coal Company.

Andrew Johnson Reed met Col. John S. Tyler and Assistant Surgeon George F. Gale of Brattleboro in Virginia.

Alexander And Sally Turner established his Journey's End homestead after escaping from the Virginia plantation of John Gouldin, serving in the First New Jersey Cavalry as assistant cook and hospital orderly, and raising his great family in Grafton.

Orion Clark was the popular long-time barber and entrepreneur in Elliot Street

The Elliot Street Chapel Antislavery Riot 1837 concerns the cannon brought to the Church on the Common's chapel to disrupt the sermon by Rev. Edward Tyler, and the extensive controversy that this act generated.

Samuel B. Wells Recollects Anti-Slavery Days

Buffalo Soldiers In Brattleboro describes the arrival of the Tenth United States Cavalry at the Valley Fairgrounds on July 31, 1912, out on manuevers, commanded by Col. C. H. Grayson . . ."Then came the music of the band playing "The Star Spangled Banner." Before the first bar had been finished the spirit of the great song entered the spectators on the field and heads were bared and stillness spread over the camp grounds."

David Booth, an ostler, was the son of Asahel Booth and Catharine Mawl, both from Boston and resident in Colraine, Massachusetts before moving to Guilford and Green River. He worked on Daniel Stewart Pratt's thoroughbred horse farm above Centreville, and at Henry R. Brown's livery stables on Flat Street.

Antiques

Jason Bushnell's Old Red Mill Museum

Town Hall Antique Show 1857

Joshua Davis Powder Horn 1776

Valley Fair Antiques Show 1890

Fairbank Moore Powder Horn

Robert Pender's Indian Hatchet

Centennial Antiques Show 1876

The First Ballot Box 1759

John Sargeant Family Bible 1752

Cardiff Giant In Revere House 1871

Cemeteries

Meeting House Hill Cemetery In 1880

Pardon Taylor, Edward Palmer Drowning 1797

Soldiers' Cemetery On Prospect Hill

John Noyes Mead 1850

Elizabeth Amanda Miner And Dr. Charles L. Smith

Moses Platts Drowns 1816

Prospect Hill Cemetery In September 1840

Prospect Hill Cemetery In May 1844

Mary Elizabeth Bennett, Edgar Palmer Gillett

John Wolcott Phelps Visits Meeting House Hill Cemetery

Churches

The First Meeting House 1768

Church On The Common Dedication Address 1816

Rev. Charles Walker, Thanksgiving Sermon 1844

First Catholic Church On Spring Street 1855

Church On The Common, Clock And Bell 1832

Rev. Thomas Pickman Tyler Christmas Sermon 1876

Connecticut River And Wantastiquet

Connecticut River Forts

Old Covered Bridge 1903

Boat Club 1860

Connecticut River Flatboat 1814

John Wolcott Phelps, Connecticut River Fog

Steamboat "Greenfield" Explosion 1840

Early Settlement

First Grist Mill 1762

Major John Arms 1762

Brattleboro East Village 1753--1795

West Brattleboro Common 1785

Stephen Greenleaf Jr. Describes The Early East Village

Enoch Jacobs' Marlboro History 1879

Stephen Greenleaf Senior's Lands

Thomas Brattle's Land Grant 1722

Samuel Wells Land Deed 1770

Town Meeting 1768

Town Meeting Houses, By Hoyt Henry Wheeler

Old Roads, First Settlers, Hoyt Henry Wheeler's History

Daniel Whipple, Vermont Census 1771

Early Town Records 1768

Letter From A Debtor In Newfane Hill Gaol 1826

Samuel Elliot On Newfane Hill

Events And Buildings

General John W. Phelps "The Lindens"

Samuel Wells House 1773

Granite Block In 1840, Main Street

John Holbrook's Witch Stairs

The Mansion "Lindenhurst"

July The Fourth Celebrations

Elliot Street Arson Fire 1886

Masquerade Ball 1887

An Evening In Brattleboro 1874

Leonid Meteor Shower, November 1833

Meteor Over Connecticut River 1860

Irish Flag 1873

Brooks House Party 1896

Farms

Albert Bennet Farm

Clark Rice Farm 1848

Ginseng Hill 1902

Cold Spring

Samuel Briggs 1798

Stephen Greenleaf's Toast To American Farmers

Josiah Arms West River Farm 1804

Literary

Henry Burnham "Reminicences" 1866

Helen Hunt Jackson's Sojourn 1865

Rudyard Kipling's Summer Memory 1894

Davis Brown "Newfane Hermit" 1872

Louisa Higginson's Railroad Song 1849

Henry David Thoreau's Panther 1856

Emily Dickinson Daguerreotype 1848

Main Street

Joseph Steen's Corner

East Village Common

Edward Crosby Block 1873

Anthony Van Doorn House Fire 1848

The John W. Blake Mansion

The Brattleboro House Arson Fire In 1869

Ryther's Arcade 1884

Wilkins Lilley's Billiard Saloon 1860

Main Street 1854

Cannon On The Common 1899

Squabble Hollow 1850

Medicine

Arms, Clark & Company, Apothecary

Wesselhoeft Water Cure 1847

Elliot Street Smallpox 1848

Dr. Daniel Gilbert 1846

Brattleboro Retreat X-Ray 1899

Brattleboro Memorial Hospital Nurse Graduation 1908

Dr. Arms D. Putnam

Merchants

The Valley Mill, Bridge Street

Charles L. Gunzinger, Artist

William Stow, Hatter

Charles Thompson's Recollections

James Fisk Procession 1858

James H. Capen's Telegraph 1851

Brattleboro In 1824

Jacob Estey's Lead Pipes 1835

Arch Street Water Wheel 1840

Village Business Directory 1833

Rufus Pratt Meat Market 1844

West Brattleboro 1870

Franklin H. Wheeler's Reminicences

The Proposed Horse Railroad 1828

John Gore's Steam Wagon 1837

John Burnham Brass Foundry

Seth Wells Cheney, John Cheney, Artistic Engravers

Caleb Lysander Howe, Photographer

Harmony Lot Livery Stables

Centreville Factory Mill

Jonas Putnam, Estey Hand

Music

Richard Wagner's Estey Organ 1876

The Clark Street Irish Harp 1851

Fred C. Leitsinger's Cornet Boys' Band

Gilbert And Sullivan's H. M. S. Pinafore 1879

People

Willard H. Alexander

John E. Gale's California Gold Rush

Annie L. Grout

Otis H. Cooley Daguerreotype 1847

Eliphaz "Old Blind" Johnson

Charles K. Wood, Circus Horseman

Flora M. Sargent 1895

Gertrude Lucy Miller 1907

Dummerston Courtship 1824

Myra Morgan In Brown's Livery Stable 1903

Thomas Stores 1815

The Printer's Devil's Complaint 1834

Old Mother Honeywell, The Witch Of Guilford, Vermont

Major Henry Smith 1845

Tribute To Thomas Judge

Frank Van Doorn

William Gould

Edward Gould

Plants And Animals

Rattlesnakes On Wantastiquet

Asa Knight, Bee Hunting In Dummerston 1840

The Kane Pine

Peregrine Falcon 1858

Hydrophobia 1847

Horses On Main Street 1891

Pike Fishing 1848

Schools

The Old County Road Schoolhouse

Early School Districts

District No. 7 Schoolhouse

West Brattleboro Society

Taverns And Roads

Abby Estey's Old Footpaths In The Village 1850

Elm Street Covered Bridge 1873

Brattleboro House 1870

Old Stagecoach Days

Ancient Highway Surveys

William Harris' Footpads 1817

Anthony Jones Hotel On Newfane Hill

Vermont House

Old Boston Post Road In Brattleboro, Grace Bailey Dunklee

War

Pvt. George M. Colt's Civil War Fiddle 1864

Capt. Dennie W. Farr, 4th Vermont Regiment

William McCune, Benjamin Butterfield, And Green Mountain Boys

Brattleboro Light Infantry

Samuel Moore Letter 1810

Samuel Elliot Opposes The War Of 1812

Converting The Copperheads 1861

Stephen Greenleaf's War Pension 1838

Gettysburg Battlefield Fence Rails

Capt. Robert B. Arms Letter Home July 5, 1863

Peter S. Chase In The Wilderness

Charles Henry Hitchcock was the son of Professor Edward Hitchcock and Orra White. Edward was the third President of Amherst College, and he died on February 27, 1864. John L. Lovell photographed Orra White Hitchcock in about 1860. Orra was an artist in her own right.

This photograph of the "rude cuttings in the rock" was first published in Charles Clark Willoughby's "Antiquities of the New England Indians; with Notes on the Ancient Cultures of the Adjacent Territory" (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cosmos Press, The Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 1935) Page 169.

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I have included here the following links to my own writing, because this work directly crosses Brattleboro history in different ways---

Nathaniel Hawthorne created two famous literary villains, both modelled upon two very prominent men resident in Brattleboro, Dr. Robert Wesselhoeft and more importantly, Judge Royall Tyler.

Links to http://www.hawthornessevengables.com---

Nathaniel Hawthorne On Beacon Hill contains an account of the corrupt Judge Jaffrey Pyncheon, based upon Judge Royall Tyler, in "The House of the Seven Gables"---Hawthorne's literary reconciliation of crimes committed against his wife Sophia's family.

Dr. Robert Wesselhoeft became the evil figure in the tale "Rappaccini's Daughter" because Hawthorne considered him to be a villain, following an excessively invasive treatment of his wife Sophia. William Wesselhoeft, the hydropath's brother, was the Hawthorne family doctor.

Elizabeth Hunt Palmer, who lived and died here in Brattleboro with her daughter Mary Palmer Tyler, was the model for Nathaniel Hawthorne's character Hepzibah Pyncheon in The House of the Seven Gables.

Una Hawthorne in Brown's Woods recalls Una's visit here in May, 1868, when she was engaged to Storrow Higginson. Una's letter to Storrow is a botanical description of the Rev. Addison Brown's Woods, from Chase Street to the Chestnut Hill pond---following in the footsteps of Henry David Thoreau's walk here in 1856.

Hawthorne And Melville is another fine chapter from "Nathaniel Hawthorne: Studies in The House of the Seven Gables".

Dr. John Wilson, Captain Thunderbolt contains research about the reformed highwayman called Captain Thunderbolt, who had a L500 price on his head in Great Britain in the starvation year 1816.

Dr. John Wilson's Round Schoolhouse A pictorial and architectural history of the Brookline, Vermont tourist attraction.

Dr. John Wilson, Probate Records contains the names of creditors and debtors to Dr. Wilson's estate, often with the reason stated, as well as a complete inventory of hundreds of items remaining in the Vernon road house, saw mill, and barn.

Dr. John Wilson's House In Newfane in the village called Williamsville.

Dr. John Wilson, Captain Seth Briggs describes Dr. Wilson's treatments for Capt. Seth Briggs of West Dummerston, including electricity.

Dr. John Wilson, Descriptions, Commentary gathers together the scattered references to the Windham County country doctor.

Dr. John Wilson's Stray Horse concerns the six year old sorrel mare that was last seen at the Fort Bridgman farm in Vernon, owned by Col. Erastus Hubbard.

Dr. John Wilson's Remedy describes the doctor's treatment for Wilder Knight, his indigestion.

Indian-Hating In The Wizard Of Oz concerns the political journalist and editor Lyman Frank Baum, who invented for children on the frontier, symbols of race for his "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" fantasy, which was finally published in late 1899.

Frank Baum had lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, in the years following the Wounded Knee massacre in the old Dakota Territory. Frank Baum was basically an honest, sociable family man, a bluff, likable Irishman, and generous almost to a fault. His satire was always light. Despite the title of this piece, Lyman Frank Baum was not a racist in any sense.

Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God is the famous "hellfire and brimstone" sermon preached by the Rev. Jonathan Edwards. This jeremiad is a formal execution sermon given for the nineteen black slaves in New York who were burned at the stake during that summer in 1741. Several prominent New York men who were active in "the New York Negro Riots" also purchased land that became Brattleboro.

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Inside "The House of the Seven Gables", Nathaniel Hawthorne concealed a short story which shows the persecution, trial, and execution of Hepzibah Pyncheon as a witch. This execution story is broken up into paragraphs, sentences, and phrases, and scattered into the text of the ongoing romance. These scattered pieces are re-assembled here. They reveal the cruel old Salem witchcraft story that Nathaniel Hawthorne wished to conceal from eyes more innocent than his own.

Hawthorne very carefully builds up a demonic aura about Hepzibah: "she expected to minister to the wants of the community, unseen, like a disembodied divinity, or enchantress, holding forth her bargains to the reverential and awe-stricken purchaser, in an invisible hand. . . She now issued forth, as would appear, to defend the entrance, looking, we must needs say, amazingly like the dragon which, in fairy tales, is wont to be the guardian over an enchanted beauty."

Satan calls Hepzibah---"She was suddenly startled by the tinkling alarum---high, sharp, and irregular---of a little bell. The maiden lady arose upon her feet, as pale as a ghost at cock-crow; for she was an enslaved spirit, and this the talisman to which she owed obedience." This "ugly and spiteful little din" betrays the appearance of Satan---

"But, at this instant, the shop-bell, right over her head, tinkled as if it were bewitched. The old gentlewoman's heart seemed to be attached to the same steel-spring; for it went through a series of sharp jerks, in unison with the sound. The door was thrust open, although no human form was perceptible on the other side of the half-window. Hepzibah, nevertheless, stood at a gaze, with her hands clasped, looking very much as if she had summoned up an evil spirit and were afraid, yet resolved, to hazard the encounter."

"Heaven help me! she groaned mentally. Now is my hour of need!"

Satan has come to tempt his servant with the riches of the world, in an American version of the temptation of Christ during his forty days in the Wilderness: "Some malevolent spirit, doing his utmost to drive Hepzibah mad, unrolled before her imagination a kind of panorama, representing the great thoroughfare of a city, all astir with customers. So many and so magnificent shops as there were!" The Pyncheon cent shop is very poor.

Hepzibah has "a sense of inevitable doom" about her nearsighted frown, or scowl, for good reason. This "scowl---a strange contortion of the brow---which, by people who did not know her, would probably have been interpreted as an expression of bitter anger and ill-will" has "done Miss Hepzibah a very ill-office, in establishing her character as an ill-tempered old maid. . .The custom of the shop fell off, because a story got abroad that she soured her small beer and other damageable commodities, by scowling on them." Moreover, in "her great life-trial. . . the testimony in regard to her scowl was frightfully important."

The laboring man Dixey testifies against her in his rough voice, "Why, her face---I've seen it; for I dug her garden for her, one year---her face is enough to frighten Old Nick himself, if he had ever so great a mind to trade with her. People can't stand it, I tell you! She scowls dreadfully, reason or none, out of pure ugliness of temper!"

One Mrs. Gubbins also condemns Hepzibah. Hawthorne describes this demonic neighbor: "there came a fat woman. . . Her face glowed with fire-heat; and, it being a pretty warm morning, she bubbled and hissed, as it were, as if all a-fry with chimney-warmth, and summer-warmth, and the warmth of her own corpulent velocity." She angrily jarred and outraged the shop bell, muttered, "The deuce take Old Maid Pyncheon!" and "took her departure, still brimming over with hot wrath".

Judge Pyncheon tells Hepzibah that he has arranged to have Clifford's "deportment and habits constantly and carefully overlooked"---in order to persecute him more effectively. "The butcher, the baker, the fishmonger, some of the customers of your shop, and many a prying old woman, have told me several of the secrets of your interior."

When both Clifford and the Judge die, in the concealed narrative, these eyewitnesses will accuse Hepzibah. She is accused specifically of the murder of Jaffrey Pyncheon, since the Judge died in her parlor. The "good lady on the opposite side of the street" will be there at the trial to explain that "there's been a quarrel between him and Hepzibah, this many a day, because he won't give her a living. That's the main reason of her setting up a cent-shop."

Dixey will be there to implicate Clifford in the murder as well--- "A certain cousin of his may have been at his old tricks. And Old Maid Pyncheon having got herself in debt by the cent-shop---and the Judge's pocket-book being well-filled---and bad blood amongst them already! Put all these things together, and see what they make!"

As one of the Judge's spies, the butcher assaults the House of the Seven Gables, prying about "every accessible door" and the window in his attempts to get a glimpse of Clifford. He sees the Judge himself sitting in the parlor---dead---and thinks that it is Clifford, whom he curses as "Old Maid Pyncheon's bloody brother."

Hawthorne's literary duplicity here convinces the unwary reader that the butcher's motive is his desire to please Hepzibah with "his sweetbread of lamb". In Hawthorne's concealed story, however, Clifford is the lamb sacrificed to the spying butcher's greed for Judge Pyncheon's bribe money.

The chapter called "The Flight of Two Owls" is filled with allusions to death and mortality. It records Hepzibah's sensations on her way to the place of execution and to that "gimlet-eyed" gentleman who will kill her. This acerbic old gentleman thinks that the newly invented telegraph is a great thing, "particularly as regards the detection of bank-robbers and murderers. . ." Hawthorne describes his gimlet eye, which traditionally could bore into a person to cause paralysis or death.

There was "a moral sensation, mingling itself with the physical chill, and causing her to shake more in spirit than in body" and "the wretched consciousness of being adrift. She had lost the faculty of self-guidance". As they went on, the feeling of indistinctness and unreality kept dimly hovering roundabout her, and so diffusing itself into her system that one of her hands was hardly palpable to the touch of the other". She whispered to herself, again and again---"Am I awake?---Am I awake?"

And "the bell rang out its hasty peal, so well expressing the brief summons which life vouchsafes to us, in its hurried career. . . At a little distance stood a wooden church, black with age, and in a dismal state of ruin and decay, with broken windows, a great rift through the main-body of the edifice, and a rafter dangling from the top of the square tower". Hepzibah Pyncheon will be executed as a witch near Salem's Gallows Hill.

The final scene is a deliberate parallel to the execution of Matthew Maule at the beginning of The House of the Seven Gables. Unlike Maule, Hepzibah does not curse the Pyncheons. Still, it is very difficult for Hepzibah to pray---"she lifted her eyes---scowling, poor, dim-sighted Hepzibah, in the face of Heaven!---and strove hard to send up a prayer through the dense, gray pavement of clouds."

"Those mists had gathered, as if to symbolize a great, brooding mass of human trouble, doubt, confusion, and chill indifference. . . Her faith was too weak; the prayer too heavy to be thus uplifted. It fell back, a lump of lead, upon her heart". Hepzibah's prayer on the isolated railroad platform at the end of the familiar version of "The Flight of Two Owls" is, in reality, her final petition---

"She knelt down upon the platform where they were standing, and lifted her clasped hands to the sky. The dull, gray weight of clouds made it invisible; but it was no hour for disbelief; ---no juncture this, to question that there was a sky above, and an Almighty Father looking down from it!"

"Oh, God!"---ejaculated poor, gaunt Hepzibah---then paused a moment, to consider what her prayer should be---"Oh, God---our Father---are we not thy children? Have mercy on us!"

Then "the signal was given;" and suffering "short, quick breaths". . ."With all her might, she had staggered onward beneath the burden. . . Indeed, she had not energy to fling it down, but only ceased to uphold it, and suffered it to press her to the earth".

Hepzibah Pyncheon's execution seems to be a literary description of carrying a cross, combined with suffering the "peine forte et dure"---pressing under planks with stones piled on gradually. This punishment was intended not to kill, but to extract a pleading, or possibly a confession. But beyond a certain weight, the crushing caused a lingering death.

The hidden and scattered quotations that are re-assembled here, may be found in The House of the Seven Gables, Volume 2 of "The Centenary Edition of the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne", Edited by William Charvat, Roy Harvey Pearce, and Claude Simpson (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1965). See pages 33-4, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48-9, 126, 223-4, 236, 245, 253, 255, 256, 264, 266, 267, 288-9, 291-2, and 296.

The concealed narrative causes the smooth surface line of Hawthorne's romance to lurch sometimes, and there are occasionally strange descriptions, and unaccountably awkward juxtapositions of sentences. One critic notes that "there are gaps in the plot through which a herd of rhinos could comfortably graze. . .". Hawthorne is so skilled in anticipating his readers' innocent expectations, that his true story remains hidden. The unwary reader sees only the charming, sunny, "blue-eyed" Nathaniel Hawthorne, casting his curiously "happy ending" over "The House of the Seven Gables".

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Our Sun, like all stars, is a variable star. We must learn to live with the uncertainty of a star that is a product of its environment. We can expect our Sun to change when it enters regions of interstellar space where there is more or less dust, which alters the plasma characteristics. In the meantime, we can only look for reassurance by closely examining the behavior of nearby stars.

---Wal Thornhill

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